In a way, the human body can be thought of as a machine. However, unlike a machine that is comprised of right angles and nuts & bolts, the human body has the capacity to compensate for a malfunctioning part, and in most cases, in more than one area. The human body seeks symmetry. It will do whatever it takes to achieve that and in doing so will compromise tissue health. In turn, it will wreak havoc on the proper biomechanics of human movement, which will greatly affect performance. The human body is the “great compensator”. It will seek and follow the path of least resistance.
The goal of any movement should seek the minimum amount of energy expenditure and maximum joint stability. In human walking, the wide variety of structure and control requires complex integrations for an efficient motor program. The most observable sign of this is a smooth progression of the body’s center of mass during ambulation.
Healthy tissue needs force in order to remain healthy. It requires an optimal amount of stress. Too much or too little can be destructive! Remember we talked about how a tissue’s specifications are similar to those of a machine? Well, when a tissue’s tolerance to absorb force is exceeded, tissue breakdown occurs and inflammation and pain follow. When inflammation and pain are present, one’s performance will surely suffer the consequences.
Leg Length Discrepancy
One significant condition that impacts healthy tissue is a leg length discrepancy. Oh, but that’s normal isn’t it? Everybody has one leg longer than the other. Don’t they? Sure, not everybody has exact proportional measurements when they compare the right and left sides of their body.
First of all, how much is significant? This question has been the source of much debate in recent decades. There have been numerous studies in the medical literature that examined the effects of leg length on various structures, most notably in regards to the lower extremities and the low back. Leg length discrepancies break all of the rules required for healthy joints in the lower extremities and the spine. In response to the asymmetry, muscles will structurally shorten or lengthen to adapt to their new position.
There are two types of leg length discrepancies that are present. A structural leg length discrepancy is the anatomical case in which one bone may be longer or shorter than the other. A functional leg length discrepancy refers to the result of something occurring in your body such as a soft tissue contracture or abnormal joint mobility. The most notable functional leg length discrepancy involves the feet.
When we say a foot is pronated we mean that it is flat (little to no arch integrity), whereas a supinated foot refers to a foot that has an arch. Generally speaking, a pronated foot creates a short leg, and supinated foot creates a long leg. Of course, during the normal gait cycle, there are appropriate amounts of supination and pronation that must occur in order to achieve efficient and effective ambulation.
The most important role is being able to differentiate between the two.
Unfortunately, differentiating the two can be quite difficult. In most
cases, both situations occur simultaneously, with one masking the actual
degree of the other. Differentiating between the two scenarios requires
an extensive evaluation that involves gathering information from several
manual tests coupled with information gained from weight-bearing x-ray
measurements. Once the proper diagnosis has been made, there are various
treatment options that are available.
When a structural leg length discrepency is present by itself, the most logical option to equalize the leg length is simply by placing an appropriate lift under the heel or under the entire foot itself, depending on the amount of the discrepancy. Most research reports more than a 1/4 inch difference is pathological. Some studies suggest that even an 1/8 inch difference can be detrimental especially for the running athlete. Running causes the ground reaction forces to increase up to fourfold, as well as, increasing the metabolic demand. The range of motion of all joints increases with greater muscle activity required to control these motions.
Leg Length Discrepancy Treatment
Treatment for the functional leg length discrepancy requires the skill of a
medical professional to address any soft tissue limitations. These are ost
notably present in which the pelvis may be tilted or twisted in an unusual
position. This situation requires manual therapy techniques to align joints
properly and to reduce any unwanted muscle activity.
In addition to aggressive manual techniques, the use of custom foot orthotics may be recommended in either a structural or a functional leg length situation. Asymmetrical foot function may be causing the leg length discrepancy, therefore appropriate application of an orthotic device will either correct or accommodate to the asymmetry.
It should be quite clear that any treatment option chosen must be made only after a thorough examination has been completed. The examination should include an analysis of gait, an assessment of muscle length and strength, joint mobility, and careful evaluation of foot function.
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